Communication+Inventions

Communication Communication Inventions [|**http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/communication.shtml**] John Logie Baird (1888 - 1946) was a Scottish inventor and engineer who was a pioneer in the development of mechanical television. In 1924, Baird televised objects in outline. In 1925, he televised human faces. In 1926, Baird was the first person to televise pictures of objects in motion. In 1930, Baird made the first public broadcast of a TV show, from his studio to the London Coliseum Cinema; the screen consisted of a 6-ft by 3-ft array of 2,100 tiny flashlamp bulbs. Baird developed a color television in 1928, and a stereo television in 1946. Baird's mechanical television was usurped by electronic television, which he also worked on. ||
 * Communication-Related Inventors and Inventions**
 * [[image:baird.jpg align="left"]]BAIRD, JOHN LOGIE

The first non-leaking ballpoint pen was invented in 1935 by the Hungarian brothers Lazlo and Georg Biro. Lazlo was a chemist and Georg was a newspaper editor.
 * BALLPOINT PEN[[image:ballpoint.jpg width="123" height="89" align="left"]][[image:ballpoint2.png width="92" height="93" align="left"]]

A ballpoint marker had been invented much earlier (in 1888 by John Loud, an American leather tanner, who used the device for marking leather) but Loud's marker leaked, making it impractical for everyday use. A new type of ink had to be developed; this is what the Biro brothers did. The brothers patented their invention and then opened the first ballpoint manufacturing plant in Argentina, South America. ||


 * BRAILLE[[image:braille_louis_1.jpg align="right"]]

Braille is a coded system of raised dots that are used by the blind to read. Louis Braille (1809-1852) invented this system in 1829. Braille published "The Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Song by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged by Them," and his method is still in use around the world today.

BRAILLE, LOUIS

Louis Braille (Jan. 4, 1809-Jan. 6, 1852) improved a coded system of raised dots used by the blind to read. He was blinded as a child, and invented his extraordinary system in his early teens. In 1829, Braille published "The Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Song by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged by Them." His method, called Braille, is still in use around the world today. Louis Braille is buried in the Pantheon in Paris, as a French national hero.

The Hall Braille typewriter (also called a Braillewriter or Brailler) was invented in 1892 by Frank Haven Hall. Hall was the Superintendent of the Illinois Institution for the Blind. The Hall Braille typewriter was manufactured by the Harrison & Seifried company in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Hall introduced his invention on May 27, 1892, at Jacksonville, Illinois. It types raised Braille dots onto paper. ||


 * [[image:William_Caxton-SPL.jpg width="240" height="329" align="left"]]CAXTON, WILLIAM

William Caxton (1422?-1491) was an English businessman, royal adviser, translator, editor, and printer who set up England's first printing press in 1476. Caxton had learned about printing in Cologne, Germany. In Brussels, he printed "The Recuyell," the first book printed in the English language, around 1474. His second publication was "The Game and Play of Chess Moralised" (printed in 1476); this was the first printed book on chess and the first printed book to use woodcut illustrations. Caxton then returned to England and set up England's first printing press (in 1476), where he printed " Troilus and Creseide," " Morte d'Arthur," " The History of Reynart the Foxe," Chaucer's " The Canterbury Tales," and many other books. Since Caxton refused to print regional variations in English, he began the standardization of the English language and its spelling. ||

 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #7c27c1; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5;">Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset.
 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">CELLULAR PHONE

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The first automatic analog cellular phone was made in the 1960's. Commercial models were introduced in Japan by NTT on December 3, 1979. They were introduced in Scandinavia in 1981, in Chicago, USA, on October 13, 1983 (by Motorola), and in Europe in the late 1980's. Early mobile FM (frequency modulation radio was invented by Edwin H. Armstrong in 1935) radio telephones had been in use in the USA since 1946, but since the number of radio frequencies are very limited in any area, the number of phone calls was also very limited. Only a dozen or two calls could be made at the same time in an area. To solve this problem, there could be many small areas (called cells) which share the same frequencies. But when users moved from one area to another while calling, the call would have to be switched over automatically without losing the call. In this system, a small number of radio frequencies could accommodate a huge number of calls. This cellular phone concept was devised by a team of researchers at Bell Labs in 1947, but there were no computers available to do the switching. As small inexpensive computers were developed, cell phones could be produced. Motorola holds the US patents for the cell phone. Henry Taylor Sampson and George H. Miley hold a 1968 patent (US patent #3,591,860) on a "gamma electric cell," which is not a component of cellular phones. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">EASTMAN, GEORGE[[image:asd-hs/eastman.jpg width="141" height="177" align="right"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">George Eastman (1854-1932) was an American inventor who made many improvements in photography. Eastman invented the dry plate method in 1879; this was an improvement in the wet plate process photographic process). He founded the Eastman Dry Plate company in 1881, located in Rochester, New York. Eastman and William Walker invented flexible roll film in 1882, eliminating the necessity of using cumbersome glass plates for photography. Eastman produced the first simple, all-purpose, fixed-focus camera in 1888, which sold for $25.00; this was the first KODAK Camera . By 1900, Eastman Kodak was producing a camera that cost only one dollar. Early cameras took round pictures. To get the film developed, the photographer had to send the entire camera to the Rochester factory. The company name was changed to Eastman Kodak Company in 1892, and is still one of the largest photographic companies in the world. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">[[image:illustration_thomas_edison-353x600.jpg width="160" height="270" align="left" link="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/edison/lightbulb.shtml"]]EDISON, THOMAS ALVA

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was an American inventor (also known as the Wizard of Menlo Park) whose many inventions revolutionized the world. His work includes improving the following: the incandescent electric light bulb, the phonograph, the phonograph record, the carbon telephone transmitter, and the motion-picture projector. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Edison's first job was as a telegraph operator, and in the course of his duties, he redesigned the stock-ticker machine. The Edison Universal Stock Printer gave him the capital ($40,000) to set up a laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, to invent full-time (with many employees). <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Edison experimented with thousands of different light bulb filaments to find just the right materials to glow well, be long-lasting, and be inexpensive. In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for quite a while. This incandescent bulb revolutionized the world. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Edison and General Electric fiercely promoted the use of direct current (Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla developed and promoted the use of the more useful alternating current, which eventually became the standard). <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">In 1887, Edison moved his lab to West Orange, New Jersey, and employed about 5,000 people. Altogether, Edison patented 1,093 inventions. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration." On October 21, 1931, a few days after Edison's death, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute.

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Gramophone, Phonograph, and Records <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Records, used to record sound, were invented in 1877 by Thomas Alva Edison, who invented the first machine to record and play back sounds (the phonograph or record player). Early records were cylindrical, but flat disks soon replaced them. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Edison's first phonograph used tin-covered cylinders to record vibrations of sound that were focused by a horn-like device onto a diaphragm; the diaphragm vibrated and transmitted the vibrations to a stylus (needle), which etched a helical groove onto a rotating cylinder covered with tin foil. The sound could then be played back from the etched cylinder as a needle went along the groove and reversed the process, making the diaphragm vibrate, recreating the original sound. Edison's first recording was of him saying, "[|Mary had a little lamb]." The recording cylinders were improved by Charles Sumner Tainter (an associate of Alexander Graham Bell), who made them out of wax. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The first flat, circular record was invented by Emile Berliner (1851-1929), a German-born American inventor, in 1887 (he also invented the gramophone, the machine that played his flat records). Berliner's records were originally made of glass, then zinc, and later, hard rubber. Berliner founded Deutsche Grammophon and Britain's Gramophone Co., Ltd. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">By 1915, records rotated at a standard 78-rpm (rotations per minute) and were made of shellac (which is very fragile); they were 10 inches in diameter and recorded 4 minutes of sound. The long-playing record (the LP) was invented in 1948 by Columbia Records - it played at 33-rpm and was 10 or 12 inches in diameter. The LP was made from flexible plastic vinyl (vinylite) and not rubber. Using new microgrooves, these records recorded over 20 minutes of sound. In 1949, 7-inch 45-rpm records were introduced. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">FARNSWORTH, PHILO T.

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906-1971) was an American inventor. Farnsworth invented many important components of the television, including power, focusing systems, synchronizing the signal, contrast, controls, and scanning. He also invented a radar system, a cold cathode ray tube, a new type of baby incubator, and the first electronic microscope. Farnsworth held over 300 patents. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">FOUNTAIN PEN

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Lewis E. Waterman was an American inventor and insurance salesman who developed a relatively leak-proof fountain pen; he patented his new invention in 1884 and revolutionized writing. Before his fountain pen, pen tips had to be tipped into ink after every few words. Waterman put an ink reservoir in the pen above the pen's metal nib (point). This reservoir would hold enough ink for a few pages of writing. There were many problems in developing the fountain pen, especially the difficulty of controlling the flow of the ink. Putting a sealed reservoir above the nib wouldn't let the ink flow, but if it wasn't sealed, all the ink would flow at once. Waterman used capillary action to replace the ink in the rubber sac with air so that the ink flowed smoothly but did not flow all at once. Also, the metals in the ink dissolved the steel pen nib, so Waterman used an iridium-plated gold nib. Waterman was also the first person to place a clip on the cap of the pen. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">GUTENBERG, JOHANNES

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Johannes Gutenberg (the 1300's-1468) was a German craftsman, inventor, and printer who invented the first [|printing press with movable type] in 1450. This invention revolutionized printing, making it simpler and more affordable. Gutenberg produced dies (molds) for easily producing individual pieces of metal type that could be made, assembled, and later reused. Gutenberg's new press could print a page every three minutes. This made printed material available to the masses for the first time in history. Religious materials were the majority of the early printed materials. The use of printing presses began the standardization of spelling. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">PRINTING PRESS WITH MOVABLE TYPE

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The first printing press with movable type was invented in 1450 by [|Johannes Gutenberg]. This invention revolutionized printing, making it simpler and more affordable. Gutenberg produced dies (molds) for easily producing individual pieces of metal type that could be made, assembled, and later reused. Gutenberg's new press could print a page every three minutes. This made printed material available to the masses for the first time in history. Religious materials were the majority of the early printed materials. The use of printing presses began the standardization of spelling. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">LIQUID PAPER[[image:liq_paper.jpg width="165" height="155" align="right"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Liquid Paper is a quick-drying, paper-colored (white) liquid that is painted onto paper to correct printed material. Liquid Paper was invented in 1951 by Bessie Nesmith (1922-1980). It was based on white tempera paint (Nesmith was also an artist). Nesmith was a secretary in Texas, USA, before the time of word processors. She began selling her vastly popular invention, and soon ran the very successful Liquid Paper company. Her son, Michael Nesmith, was a member of the rock group called the Monkees. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">MAILBOX /DOWNING, PHILIP B.[[image:mailbox.jpg width="99" height="181" align="left"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The street letter drop mailbox with a hinged door that closed to protect the mail was invented by Philip B. Downing. Downing, an African-American inventor, patented his new device on October 27, 1891 (US Patent # 462,093).

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;"> ||

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">
 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">MECHANICAL PENCIL

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The mechanical pencil was invented in 1915 by Tokuji Hayakawa (November 3, 1894-June 24, 1980). His first mechanical pencil was called the "Ever-Ready Sharp Pencil." Hayakawa had owned a metalworking shop in Tokyo, Japan, and in 1942, expanded his company and renamed it the Hayakawa Electric Industry Co.,Ltd. It was later called the Sharp Corporation (1970), and Hayakawa was appointed chairman. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">MORSE, SAMUEL F. B.

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872) was an American inventor and painter. After a successful career painting in oils (first painting historical scenes and then portraits), Morse built the first American telegraph around 1835 (the telegraph was also being developed independently in Europe). <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">A telegraph sends electrical signals over a long distance, through wires. In 1830, Joseph Henry (1797-1878) made the first long-distance telegraphic device - he sent an electric current for over a mile on wire that activated an electromagnet, causing a bell to ring. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Morse patented a working telegraph machine in 1837, with help from his business partners Leonard Gale and Alfred Vail. Morse used a dots-and-spaces code for the letters of the alphabet and the numbers (Morse Code was later improved to use dots, dashes and spaces: for example E is dot, T is dash, A is dot-dash, N is dash-dot, O is dash-dash-dash, I is dot-dot, S is dot-dot-dot, etc.). By 1838, Morse could send 10 words per minute. Congress provided funds for building a telegraph line between Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland, in 1843. Morse sent the first telegraphic message (from Washington D.C. to Baltimore) on May 24, 1844; the message was: "What hath God wrought?" The telegraph revolutionized long-distance communications. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Morse Code:

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Morse Code is a system in which letters are represented by dots and dashes. Morse Code was used over telegraph lines to send messages. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">PAPER

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Paper is writing material made from wood pulp or other fibrous material. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Almost 5,000 years ago, in ancient Egypt, the papyrus plant was processed and used as paper. Papyrus paper was made from thin sheets of papyrus pith that were soaked in water, pressed together with the grains at right angles, and then dried - the sticky sap of the plant made the thin sheets stick together, forming a sturdy writing surface. Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus is its genus and species) is a grass-like aquatic plant native to the Nile valley of Egypt. Our word paper comes from "papyrus." <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Paper is made by grinding plant material into a pulp, forming it into thin sheets, and drying it in a form. This process was invented in AD 105 by Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese official and member of the Chinese Imperial Court, about 2000 years ago; he originally used the waste from silk production. Early Chinese paper was made from the bark of the mulberry tree and other plant fibers. ||

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The paper clip was invented in 1899 or 1890 by a Norwegian patent clerk called Johann Vaaler. His original paper clip was a thin spring-steel wire with triangular or square ends and two "tongues." Vaaler patented his invention in Germany and later in the USA (1901). The modern-shaped paper clip was patented in April 27, 1899 by William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut, USA. ||
 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">PAPER CLIP /VAALER, JOHANN [[image:JohanVaaler.png width="183" height="125" align="left"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The Germans manufactured graphite sticks (made from powdered graphite), but they were impractical. In 1795, the Nicholas Jacques Conte (a French officer in Napoleon's army) patented the modern method of kiln-firing powdered graphite with clay to make graphite rods fro pencils. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite can also vary. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Before themid-1500s, "pencils" consisted of a thin rod composed of soft lead, and were used mostly by artists. The word pencil comes from the Latin word "penicillus," which means "little tail" - the name of the tiny brush that ancient Romans used as a writing instrument. Graphite (named for the Greek word meaning "to write") was chemically analyzed in 1779 (by K.W. Scheele) and named in 1789 (by A.G. Werner). ||
 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">[[image:https://asd-hs.wikispaces.com/site/embedthumbnail/placeholder?w=200&h=50 align="left" caption="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/pgifs/Pencil.GIF"]]The "lead" pencil (which contains no lead) was invented in 1564 when a huge graphite (black carbon) mine was discovered in Borrowdale, Cumbria, England. The pure graphite was sawn into sheets and then cut into square rods. The graphite rods were inserted into hand-carved wooden holders, forming pencils. They were called lead pencils by mistake - at the time, the newly-discovered graphite was called black lead or "plumbago," from the Latin word for lead ore - it looked and acted like lead, and it was not known at the time that graphite consisted of carbon and not lead. The English had a monopoly on the production of pencils since no other pure graphite mines were known and no one had yet found a way to make graphite sticks.


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">POLAROID CAMERA

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The Polaroid camera is a camera that develops the photograph while you wait (one-step photography ). It was invented by Edwin Herbert Land (1909-1991), an American physicist and inventor who also investigated the mechanisms of color perception, developed the first modern light polarizers (which eliminate glare), and other optical devices. Land established the Polaroid Corp. in 1937. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">LAND, E. H.

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Edwin Herbert Land (1909-1991) was an American physicist and inventor who developed the first modern light polarizers (which eliminate glare) and other optical devices, investigated the mechanisms of color perception, and developed the instant photography process (the [|Polaroid camera]). Land established the Polaroid Corp. in 1937. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Radio [[image:tesla.jpg align="left"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The radio was invented by Nikola Tesla. The radio was promoted and popularized by [|Guglielmo Marconi] in 1895. The first radio transmission across an ocean (the Atlantic Ocean) occurred on December 12, 1901. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">TESLA, NIKOLA

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was a Serbian-American inventor who developed the [|radio], fluorescent lights, the Tesla coil (an air-core transformer that generates a huge voltage from high-frequency alternating current), remote-control devices, and many other inventions; Tesla held 111 patents. Tesla developed and promoted the uses of alternating current (as opposed to direct current, which was promoted fiercely by Thomas Edison and General Electric). Tesla briefly worked with Thomas Edison. The unit of magnetic induction is named for Tesla; a tesla (abbreviated T) is equal to one weber per square meter. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Nikola Tesla (July 9, 1856-January 7, 1943) was a Serbian-American physicist, electrical engineer, and inventor who developed the radio, fluorescent lights, the Tesla coil (an air-core transformer that generates a huge voltage from high-frequency alternating current, invented in 1891), the induction motor, remote-control devices (1900), and many other inventions; Tesla held 111 patents. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Tesla developed and promoted the uses of alternating current (AC), as opposed to direct current (DC, which was promoted fiercely by Edison and General Electric); Tesla's system for the electrical supply still powers the world today. Tesla briefly worked with Thomas Edison. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The unit of magnetic induction is named to honor Tesla; a tesla (abbreviated T) is equal to one weber per square meter. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">MARCONI, GUGLIELMO

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) was an Italian inventor and physicist. In 1895, Marconi promoted and popularized the radio (wireless telegraphy), building machinery to transmit and receive radio waves. His first transmission across an ocean (the Atlantic Ocean) was on December 12, 1901. Marconi won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">TELEGRAPH

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872) was an American inventor and painter. After a successful career painting in oils (first painting historical scenes and then portraits), Morse built the first American telegraph around 1835 (the telegraph was also being developed independently in Europe). <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">A telegraph sends electrical signals over a long distance, through wires. In 1830, Joseph Henry (1797-1878) made the first long-distance telegraphic device - he sent an electric current for over a mile on wire that activated an electromagnet, causing a bell to ring. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Morse patented a working telegraph machine in 1837, with help from his business partners Leonard Gale and Alfred Vail. Morse used a dots-and-spaces code for the letters of the alphabet and the numbers ([|Morse Code] was later improved to use dots, dashes and spaces: for example E is dot, T is dash, A is dot-dash, N is dash-dot, O is dash-dash-dash, I is dot-dot, S is dot-dot-dot, etc.). By 1838, Morse could send 10 words per minute. Congress provided funds for building a telegraph line between Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland, in 1843. Morse sent the first telegraphic message (from Washington D.C. to Baltimore) on May 24, 1844; the message was: "What hath God wrought?" The telegraph revolutionized long-distance communications. ||

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">
 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">TELEPHONE

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The telephone (meaning "far sound") is the most widely used telecommunications device. It was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell (with Thomas Watson). Bell patented his invention on March 1876 (patent No. 174,465). His device transmitted speech sounds over electric wires, and his idea has remained one of the most useful inventions ever made. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847, Edinburgh, Scotland - August 2, 1922, Baddek, Nova Scotia) invented the telephone(with Thomas Watson) in 1876. Bell also improved Thomas Edison's phonograph. Bell invented the multiple telegraph (1875), the hydroairplane, the photo-sensitive selenium cell (the photophone, a wireless phone, developed with Sumner Tainter), and new techniques for teaching the deaf to speak. In 1882, Bell and his father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, bought and re-organized the journal "Science." Bell, Hubbard and others founded the National Geographic Society in 1888; Bell was the President of the National Geographic Society from 1898 to 1903. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">TYPEWRITER[[image:asd-hs/Sholes119191919.jpg width="182" height="235" align="right"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">The first typewriter was invented in 1867 by the American printer and editor (Feb. 14, 1819 - Feb. 17, 1890). Sholes' prototype had the user hit a key (for each letter and number), which struck upward onto a flat plate, producing a carbon impression of the letter or number on the paper. He made the prototype using the key of an old telegraph transmitter. There was no way of spacing the letters, no carriage return, and no shift keys; these features would be added to later models. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé also worked in the Kleinstuber Machine Shop with Sholes, and they helped with his inventions. Their first patent was obtained on June 23, 1868. Sholes and Glidden sold the rights to their invention to the investor James Densmore, who eventually had the machine commercially manufactured. Their first commercial model was called the "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer," and was later called the Remington typewriter. It was produced by the gunmakers E. Remington & Sons in Ilion, NY, from 1874-1878. The first author to submit a typed book manuscript was Mark Twain. Sholes' typewriter was the beginning of a revolution in communication. ||

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">BERNERS-LEE, TIM
 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">WORLD WIDE WEB[[image:asd-hs/bernerslee.jpg width="245" height="186" align="right"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Tim Berners-Lee (1955- ) invented the World Wide Web. His first version of the Web was a program named "Enquire," short for "Enquire Within Upon Everything". At the time, Berners-Lee was working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory located in Geneva, Switzerland. He invented the system as a way of sharing scientific data (and other information) around the world, using the Internet, a world-wide network of computers, and hypertext documents. He wrote the language HTML (HyperText Mark-up Language), the basic language for the Web, and devised URL's (universal resource locators) to designate the location of each web page. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) was his set of rules for linking to pages on the Web. After he wrote the first browser in 1990, the World Wide Web was up and going. Its growth was (and still is) phenomenal, and has changed the world, making information more accessible than ever before in history. Berners-Lee is now a Principal Research Scientist at the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and the Director of the W3 Consortium. ||


 * <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">XEROGRAPHY[[image:_XEROXA.GIF width="243" height="355" align="left"]]

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Xerography (which means "dry writing" in Greek) is a process of making copies that was invented in 1938 by [|Chester Floyd Carlson] (1906-1968). Xerography makes copies without using ink (hence its name). In this process, static electricity charges a lighted plate; a plastic powder (called toner) is applied to the areas of the page to remain white. Carlson marketed his revolutionary device to about 20 companies before he could interest any. The Haloid Company (later called the Xerox Corporation) marketed it, and photocopying eventually became common and inexpensive.

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">CARLSON, CHESTER F.

<span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Chester Floyd Carlson (1906-1968) invented [|xerography] (which means "dry writing" in Greek) in 1938. Xerography makes paper copies without using ink (hence its name). In this process, static [|electricity] charges a lighted plate; a plastic powder (called toner) is applied to the areas of the page to [|remain] white. <span style="color: #7c27c1; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: left;">Chester F. Carlson was born in Seattle, Washington, USA. As a teenager, Carlson supported his invalid parents by publishing a chemical journal. After attending Cal Tech in physics, Carlson worked at an electronics firm. Carlson later experimented at home to find an efficient way of copying pages. He succeeded in 1938, and marketed his revolutionary device to about 20 companies before he could interest any. The Haloid Company (later called the Xerox Corporation) marketed it, and photocopying eventually became common and inexpensive. ||